Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an effective and environmentally sensitive approach to pest management that relies on a combination of common-sense practices. IPM aims to suppress pest populations below the economic injury level. IPM programs use current, comprehensive information on the life cycles of pests and their interaction with the environment. Integrated pest management depends on a systematic plan to control pests with deep emphasis on the eradication or minimizing the effect of pests on crops in an effective, economical and environmentally friendly manner. With geographical variation and in accordance to the crop requirements, integrated pest management varies from site to site. Despite of site specific variations, the key components of the integrated pest management involves identification and enumeration of pest populations, impact on crop, assessment and utilization of best available pest management techniques. Development of insecticide resistance, dominance of secondary pests, effect of pest control methods on the non-target organisms, environmental impact and cost evaluation may change the course and effectiveness of the employed pest control measures and thus each of the these components requires a thorough examination in a site dependent manner. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of integrated pest management with highlights on the areas of major concerns. The book compiles case studies detailing different pest control measures and their use in different geographical, crop and entomological disciplines. Integrated pest management, alternative insect control strategies, ecological impact of insecticides as well as pesticides and drugs of forensic interest are included. The content coverage in this book should appeal the reader's concern to upkeep rational decisions about the use of pesticides. IPM emphasizes the growth of a healthy crop with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and encourages natural pest control mechanisms. Entomologists and ecologists have urged the adoption of IPM pest control since the 1970s. IPM allows for safer pest control. This includes managing insects, plant pathogens and weeds. Globalization and increased mobility often allow increasing numbers of invasive species to cross national borders. IPM poses the least risks while maximizing benefits and reducing costs. Synthetic pesticides are used as required and often only at specific times in a pest's life cycle. Many newer pesticides are derived from plants or naturally occurring substances (e.g.-nicotine, pyrethrum and insect juvenile hormone analogues), but the toxophore or active component may be altered to provide increased biological activity or stability. Applications of pesticides must reach their intended targets. Matching the application technique to the crop, the pest, and the pesticide is critical. The use of low-volume spray equipment reduces overall pesticide use and labor cost.

Globally wheat is one of the most widely produced crop, occupying the land larger and most widely distributed than for any other crop. The cultivation of wheat (Triticum spp.) reaches far back into history. Wheat was one of the first domesticated food crops and for 8 000 years has been the basic staple food of the major civilizations of Europe, West Asia and North Africa. Today, wheat is grown on more land area than any other commercial crop and continues to be the most important food grain source for humans. Its production leads all crops, including rice, maize and potatoes. This widely cultivated and domesticated crop's biodiversity is complicated by presence of diploid to polyploid chromosomes. The common bread wheat is a hexaploid wheat, with three sets of paired chromosomes as in diploid wheat, which evolved in farmers' fields by hybridization of domesticated emmer or durum wheat with wild diploid grass (Aegilops tauschii). This also makes conservation of crop diversity critical as it is absolutely pertinent for ensuring food security, adapting to climate changes, reducing poverty and ensuring sustainable agriculture. This book deals with the conservation, evaluation and utilization of wheat biodiversity for improvement of wheat varieties. Worldwide, more land is used to grow wheat than any other crop. It has overtaken rice to become the second most produced cereal after maize. Pre-breeding supports the development of new varieties of wheat, and will have a major impact in addressing elements of the global challenge of food security. In its 8 000-year history, wheat continues to be the major food grain crop consumed by humans. World wheat production, now averaging nearly 600 million tonnes annually, is currently maintaining pace with population growth. Production gain for the last half century has been about 1 percent per year, due to the technological advances of more productive cultivars and adoption of improved cultural practices. Future projection is that the annual gain will need to reach near 2.5 percent by the year 2025 to keep abreast of population growth. Although land area devoted to wheat worldwide is more than for any other crop, further area expansion is limited. The majority of wheat is produced in the temperate climates of the world. Some area increase has occurred in recent years by moving wheat into non-traditional areas formerly thought unacceptable for production. Although moving wheat culture into non-traditional growing areas offers some promise for area expansion, production measures are more critical due to greater abiotic and/or biotic stresses. Future production increases must come largely from greater output per unit area, which will require more intensive research for further improving cultivars and enhancing cultural technology. Future wheat improvement must emphasize grain yield enhancement and yield stability within interdisciplinary, integrated approaches and in conjunction with farmers. Issues of environmental sustainability must become an integral part of the crop improvement research agenda.

Many environmental problems of current concern are due to the high production and local accumulations of organic wastes that are too great for the basic degradation processes inherent in nature. With adequate application rates, animal manure constitutes a valuable resource as a soil fertilizer, as it provides a high content of macro- and micronutrients for crop growth and represents a low-cost, environmental-friendly alternative to mineral fertilizers. Improper disposal of animal manure poses a threat to the environment. Recycling manure cannot only protect the local environment but can also save you money. Spreading animal manure can contribute to harmful urban run-off that contains bacteria and nutrients that pollute our local groundwater. Throwing it away in the trash takes up valuable landfill space and wastes natural resources. A rapidly changing and expanding livestock and poultry production sector, in addition to increasing human waste, due to ever increasing human population, means there is also an increase in livestock manure, which if not utilized and managed can lead to a range of environmental problems. Historically, manure was used as a fertilizer, but after overuse of chemical fertilizers for decades, manure is again being used for organic farming for crop fertilization and soil amelioration, and biofuel production. This book, Animal Manure Recycling Treatment and Management presents an overview of environment friendly principles and practices used for managing animal manure more efficiently and in a sustainable manner for creating a consistent fertilizer product. In addition to the manure management, this book also describes technologies for converting manure to biogas and management of gaseous emissions and run off of manure derived greenhouse gases. Livestock production is experiencing dynamic growth and specialisation, and is facing the challenge of ensuring that changes in production systems include the development of environmentally friendly manure management systems. This book provides an overview of manure management systems and technologies for removing solid and liquid manure from animal houses, storage, transport and application in the field. The overview includes specific descriptions and applicability of potential technologies in terms of capability, costs, environmental impact and so on. Methods needed to manage the manure are also presented. The introduction of appropriate management technologies could thus mitigate the health and environmental risks associated with the overproduction of organic wastes derived from the livestock industry by stabilizing them before their use or disposal. Stabilisation involves the decomposition of an organic material to the extent of eliminating the hazards and is normally reflected by decreases in microbial biomass and its activity and in concentrations.

Plant analysis is the tool for quantitative monitoring and diagnosing of the nutritional status of plants and herbs, especially in case crops of commercial importance. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are not analyzed routinely because they come from air or water and virtually never limit plant growth. Chlorine is normally sufficient under field conditions, but it may become excessive in saline soils. It is usually analyzed in special cases only. Similarly, molybdenum deficiency or toxicity is rare, and this element is not analyzed routinely. Thus, plant analysis usually refers to analysis of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B). Aluminum (Al) and sodium (Na) are sometimes included even though they are not essential elements. Aluminum can be toxic in acid soils, and sodium improves the quality of some crops such as beets and celery. Plant analysis is distinguished from tissue testing in that it is a quantitative laboratory analysis; whereas tissue testing refers to semi-quantitative "quick" tests of plant sap carried out in the field for trouble-shooting purposes. Plant analysis is unique from other crop diagnostic tests in that it gives an overall picture of the nutrient levels within the plant at the time the sample was taken. Its use is based on the principle that the nutrient level present is a result of all factors affecting the growth of the plant. Scientific tests and comprehensive elemental analysis has provided the much needed information to the farmers, orchardists and foresters, for understanding the major issues with crop success. Nutrient management of crops is achievable by diagnosing existing problems with the crop, as a means of trouble shooting on the basis of previous scientific evaluations. This can be very helpful to predict the crop quality and optimize the crop production and yield on the basis of nutritional, growth and environmental factors. In addition, the mobility and uptake of major nutrients by the root system is also dependent on the specific nutrient distribution and the growth requirement of the crop. This book is concentrated not only on the studies of classical total chemical element to dry matter concentration, but also towards the new genetic tools for physiological characterization of plants crops. Interest in plant analysis as a crop management tool has been stimulated in recent years by increased use of scouting programs and crop consultants and by a higher level of sophistication among farmers themselves. In addition, narrowing profit margins and the continual pursuit of higher yields has spurred this interest. The information provided through plant analysis helps farmers with decisions on fertilizer effectiveness, the need for additional nutrients, and planning fertilizer programs for future years. If used properly, plant analysis can be an important guide to efficient crop production because it provides a nutritional profile of the growing plant.

An emergency is an event that requires prompt co-ordination of action or special regulation of persons or property to protect the safety, health or welfare of people, or to limit damage to property. Some emergencies such as house fires happen frequently with localized impact. Others, such as floods and ice storms, are less common but have severe consequences on the community and the environment. Some emergencies, such as hurricanes, are predictable and offer time to prepare. Others, such as major traffic accidents and spills of hazardous material are unexpected and give no warning. The number, intensity, and consequences of emergencies and disasters-both in terms of people affected and financial costs-are increasing. Emergency management is the creation of plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters. Emergency management does not avert or eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating plans to decrease the effect of disasters. Failure to create a plan could lead to human mortality, lost revenue, and damage to assets. Events covered by emergency management include acts of terrorism, industrial sabotage, fire, natural disasters (such as earthquakes, hurricanes, etc.), public disorder, industrial accidents, and communication failures. There is an ever increase in disasters frequency and types, which is affecting human population, making it as a widely recognized public health problem. Due to wide range human impact, governments have reason to effectively evaluate and manage disaster preparedness on the basis of post-disaster studies. The preparedness for emergency varies with each type of disaster, thus allowing structural and organizational development in the event of a particular emergency. There cannot be a basic method of emergency preparedness as each affected region has the differences at not only geographic locale, but also social, economic and baseline health conditions. This book entitled Emergency Management and Disaster Response deals with the various types of emergency situations and the methods for developing a warning surveillance system for prevention and intervention. This book consolidates important information on disaster-related resources into one source. In order to avoid, or reduce significant losses, emergency managers should work to identify and anticipate potential risks, hopefully to reduce their probability of occurring. In the event that an emergency does occur, managers should have a plan prepared to mitigate the effects of that emergency, as well as to ensure continuity of critical operations post-incident. It is essential for an organization to include procedures for determining whether an emergency situation has occurred and at what point an emergency management plan should be activated. Including contributions from authors with specialized fields, this book examines emergency responses to environmental dangers such as chemical fires, hazardous material, nuclear reactor accidents, and earthquakes.

Social work is a dynamic profession that deals with diverse situations and problems that affect humanity. The problems and situations that social workers deal with vary in terms of type, magnitude, and intensity. These problems include disasters of varying form and complexity. Disasters worldwide cause mass destruction to infrastructure, loss of human lives, economic downturn, and environmental degradation. They comprise mainly drought, floods, wildfires, animal diseases, earthquakes and tremors, pest infestations, epidemics, and HIV and AIDS. As the number of natural disasters are augmented by the manmade disasters, so is the need of relief work connected to the disasters. In addition to the Government disaster preparedness, there is an enormous role of social work and assistance in disaster mitigation and management. A number of factors come in accord during and after disaster management, the most important of which is providing health care and medicinal support, but equally important are communication establishment, community organization, acquiring and distribution of knowledge, fundraising, panic management, and strategic use of available funds and man power to decrease the sufferings of the effected human population. It is possibility that the local and international NGO's in the catastrophic situations help and participate in the crisis management to such an extent that they can change opinion of policy making and decision making government officials. This book deals with the studies of role of social work in widening the net of government aide in disaster preparedness during and after a catastrophe. Social work education should equip practitioners to undertake an analysis of hazards and determine the likely consequence for individuals, groups, and communities. Disaster risk management makes predictions about disaster occurrences based on the historical experiences of communities. Therefore, disaster risk management is topical to social work education and practice. It is necessary to develop knowledge, strategies, approaches, and methodologies which are fundamental to building community resilience to disasters. The interface between social work education and disaster risk management is inevitable and there is an urgent need for action. Social workers in academia and practice have to define the parameters of practice to operationalize their influence in this field. Social workers are key players in the socio-economic development of their communities worldwide and this should have knowledge related to disaster risk reduction. Disasters by their nature grossly affect the social functioning of individuals, families, groups, and communities worldwide and are therefore a concern for social work. Disaster is usually associated with human suffering caused by natural events such as tsunamis, hurricanes, earthquakes, and floods while human created disasters stem from war, the use of sanctions, the conduct of repressive regimes, and economic and social policies.

Rising ocean temperatures and ocean acidification are radically altering aquatic ecosystems. Climate change is modifying fish distribution and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. This has impacts on the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture, on the livelihoods of the communities that depend on fisheries, and on the ability of the oceans to capture and store carbon (biological pump). The effect of sea level rise means that coastal fishing communities are in the front line of climate change, while changing rainfall patterns and water use impact on inland (freshwater) fisheries and aquaculture. Aquaculture production is impacted by climate changes manifested in different climate zones, such as global warming leading to sea level and temperature rise, change in monsoonal rain patterns and extreme climatic events. There can be positive and negative effects of climate change on aquaculture, for example increase in water temperature is where detrimental on one hand in temperate zones, it can on the other hand enhance growth and production in tropical and subtropical zones. It has to be considered that the positive and negative effects of climate change still disrupt the aquaculture and the effects of climate change do not balance each other in different climate zones. If nothing else climate changes affects disease incidences and impacts, which warrant for changes in aquaculture practices. In addition, the inland and marine aquaculture systems behave very differently in response to the climate changes. This book provides an overview of the existing studies on climate change effects on aquaculture and fisheries. Fisheries and aquaculture contribute significantly to food security and livelihoods. Fish provides essential nutrition for 3 billion people and at least 50% of animal protein and minerals to 400 million people from the poorest countries. Over 500 million people in developing countries depend, directly or indirectly, on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihoods - aquaculture is the world's fastest growing food production system, growing at 7% annually and fish products are among the most widely traded foods, with more than 37% (by volume) of world production traded internationally. While the importance of fisheries to national economies is often understated, the impacts of climate change on the sector and its implications for the socio-economics of the coastal and riparian communities are difficult to ignore. This book provides a review of potential physical and biological impacts of climate change on fisheries by giving specific cases.

Like all livestock, farmed fish can be protected from disease risks by vaccination. Vaccines have been a major factor in decreasing the use of antibiotics in aquaculture while keeping fish healthy. However, a vaccine is only effective if it is delivered properly into the fish, in the correct place and at the correct dose. Large scale Bioproduction at land or at sea comes with inherit problem of infection, disease spread and severe mortality, leading to huge economic losses and large scale outbreaks of infectious diseases. Aquaculture is not any different, a sporadic infection event in wild fish, becomes a disease outbreak in fish farming. In the event of increase in fish farming, the use of antibiotics and sulpha drugs was replaced by the concept of vaccination as a means of preventing/ controlling fish diseases and to the development of commercially available vaccines. Vaccination can contribute in not only controlling the diseases, which effects the economic and environmental sustainability of fish farming. The era of vaccine development has led to accumulation of information on immune system of fish, production of vaccines, vaccination strategies, side effects and mechanisms of vaccination. This book deals with the efforts towards vaccine development of bacterial and viral diseases. Fisheries are based on complex resources which include hundreds of kinds of fish. Each species has its own habits, living in different kinds of water, has different market qualities but together they provide excellent protein-rich food in far greater variety than animal agriculture. Prevention and control of fish diseases in Aquaculture is high priority in aquaculture industry. Unlike treating human or other animal diseases, few drugs are available for treating diseases in fish. Therefore, control of diseases in aquaculture and fish farms relies on a combination of good management practices, use of the few approved and commercially available drugs and vaccines and prevention of infection. Vaccination is becoming an increasingly important part of aquaculture, since it is considered a cost effective method of controlling different threatening diseases.

Invertebrates are vastly diverse group of animals, with a characteristic feature of absence of backbone, and comprises 97% of all animal species. Invertebrate diversity ranges from protozoa to Echinodermata and because of that fact, this subdivision of zoology has many further subdivisions, including but not limited to sponges, mollusks, worms, spiders and insects. Invertebrate is any animal that lacks a vertebral column, or backbone, in contrast to the cartilaginous or bony vertebrates. More than 90 percent of all living animal species are invertebrates. Worldwide in distribution, they include animals as diverse as sea stars, sea urchins, earthworms, sponges, jellyfish, lobsters, crabs, insects, spiders, snails, clams, and squid. Invertebrates are especially important as agricultural pests, parasites, or agents for the transmission of parasitic infections to humans and other vertebrates. Invertebrates serve as food for humans and are key elements in food chains that support birds, fish, and many other vertebrate species. Apart from the absence of a vertebral column, invertebrates have little in common. Indeed, they are distributed between more than 35 phyla. In contrast, all vertebrates are contained within a single phylum, the Chordata. (Phylum Chordata also includes the sea squirts and some other invertebrate groups.) Invertebrates are generally soft-bodied animals that lack a rigid internal skeleton for the attachment of muscles but often possess a hard outer skeleton (as in most mollusks, crustaceans, and insects) that serves, as well, for body protection. Invertebrates display a fascinating diversity of body forms, means of locomotion, and feeding habits. Invertebrates are ectotherms: they warm their bodies by absorbing heat from their surroundings. Most invertebrates live in water or spend at least some part of their life in water. The external layers of aquatic invertebrates are generally thin and permeable to water. This structure allows the ready exchange of gases needed to keep the animal alive. Some aquatic vertebrates do have specialized respiratory (breathing) structures on their body surface. Aquatic invertebrates feed by ingesting their prey directly, by filter feeding, or by actively capturing prey. This book summarizes the results of diverse worldwide research and investigation into recent developments in all classes of Invertebrate Zoology. This is an effort to understand the advances in the invertebrate's studies, although this is not a comprehensive effort towards each individual class of invertebrates. It is also far away from the typical text book of invertebrate taxonomical classification, still it's a compilation of recent studies and applications of invertebrates.

The field of applied science, dealing with the practical or economic aspects of a subject, lends itself much better to such treatment than does the field of pure science. This is particularly true of botany. From earliest time plants have been intimately bound up with human existence. Not only have they played an important part in the everyday life of mankind, but they have had a profound influence on the course of history and civilization. A knowledge of the industrial, medicinal, and edible plants cannot fail to broaden one's outlook. Economic botany is the study of the relationship between people (individuals and cultures) and plants. Economic botany contributes significantly to many fields, including established disciplines such as agronomy, anthropology, archaeology, chemistry, economics, ethnobotany, ethnology, forestry, genetic resources, geography, geology, horticulture, medicine, microbiology, nutrition, pharmacognosy, and pharmacology. This link between botany and anthropology explores the ways humans use plants for food, shelter, medicines, textiles, and more. The average man is likely to consider himself as a being apart from the rest of the organic world, enabled by reason of hi:-; superior intellect to lead a self-sufficient and independent existence. He loses sight of the fact, or is ignorant of it, that he is absolutely dependent on other organisms for his very life, and his material happiness as well. His superior intelligence has made him more dependent rather than less so. Although various animal and mineral products contribute to his welfare, it is the plant kingdom that is most essential to man's well-being. Man's dependence on plants for the essentials of his existence has been of paramount importance in his life since the human race began. Human race cannot imagine to sustain in this world without plants. Plants have role in each and every aspect of human life. Besides photosynthesis and being a basic source of oxygen on the planet Earth, we need plants for food and feed, clothing, housing, medicinal and many more functions of basic human and animal sustenance. To the extent, that not very long ago the plants and grains were the basis for trade and economy of the world. In simple words, Economic botany is the interaction of human race with plants for sustainable solutions for some of their most pressing functions. It is very closely related to the ethnobotany, which in Greek means ethos, "race or cultural group" and botanikos, "herbs". The knowledge of ethnobotany has slowly evolved from the use of plants by the seemingly exotic cultures of the world, to systematic and quantitative analysis of plant use and benefits to our society. Plant Anatomy and Economic Botany gives insight into the interactions of humans with various plants, which is based on the anatomy of the plants, for their economic and social uses. Primitive man probably had few needs other than food and a little shelter. Civilization, however, has brought with it an ever-increasing complexity, and has increased man's requirements to an amazing degree. The man of .today is no longer content merely to exist, with food and shelter as his only wants. He desires other commodities as well, and raw materials that can be converted into the many useful articles and products which contribute to his enjoyment of life, and which incidentally increase his debt to plants. Aside from their value as sources of food, drugs, and many of the raw materials of industrialism, plants are important to man in many other ways. The role of colorless plants in the economy of nature; the part that bacteria play in disease and many industries; and the effects of forests and other types of natural vegetation in controlling floods and erosion are but a few examples. The aesthetic value of plants has no small influence on man's enjoyment of life, as evidenced by the host of garden enthusiasts and flower lovers. The production and distribution of plant products have a profound influence on the economic and social life of the nations of the world, affecting both domestic conditions and international relations, and even changing the course of history.

Emerging Technology for Diagnostic Microbiology examines various aspects of microbiology from fundamentals to advanced emerging technology. It includes definitions of PCR in diagnostic virology, technology in molecular detection and strain typing of microbes and microarray for diagnostic microbiology. Provides the reader with insights into the development of emerging technologies of diagnostics microbiology, so as to understand its application, innovation.

Infectious Diseases an evidence based approach examines various infectious diseases including an extensive overview of factors that triggers them. It includes definitions of Infection control, pneumonia management, diseases, etc. Provides the reader with insights into the development of its understanding, so as to comprehend the management of different diseases.

Genetic Engineering: Principles and Advancements considers various aspects of genetic engineering including an extensive overview of genetic engineering and related principles and advancements. It includes Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Birth of clones of the world's first cloned dog, generation of cloned mice and nuclear transfer embryonic stem cell lines from urine-derived cells, a one-step cloning method for the construction of somatic cell gene targeting vectors: application to production of human knockout cell lines. Provides the reader with insights into the development of its history, so as to understand the Dm5-HT2B: Pharmacological Characterization of the Fifth Serotonin Receptor Subtype of Drosophila melanogaster, Extensive cross-regulation of post-transcriptional regulatory networks in Drosophila.

Examines the applicability and usefulness of new technologies, as well as the pitfalls of these methods in research practices, serving as a practical guide for designing and conducting research projects. Experience is provided in the design of research studies, in the analysis and interpretation of data, and in report presentation. The book presents contributions made by researchers from the entire world, serving as a valuable tool for scientists, researchers, graduate students and professionals.

Principles of Epigenetics examines various dimensions of epigenetics and its relationship with the human diseases. It includes three different parts, where part 1 deals with Epigenetics in Human diseases, part II talks about Yeast Epigenetics and part III highlights plant epigenetics. Provide the reader with the insights into the development of epigenetics, so as to understand the importance and role of epigenetics in various human and fatal disorders or diseases.

This book significantly contributes the fundamentals of both the new and old polymerization chemistry. The new chemistry has been given nearly equal space along with the old. Chapters dealt with the synthesis of polymers using a variety of chemical reactions. It is an attempt to provide an overview of the current understanding of biopolymers and free radical polymerization process, as well as applications of polymers.

This book attempts to provide an overview of the food contaminant, aflatoxin, with adverse effects on human and animal health. Aflatoxins are one of the food contaminants of greatest concern in food safety and was identified decades back. Still, it is prevailing today not only in developing countries but also in developed countries. The first reason is that aflatoxin is a a toxin produced by Aspergillus species (mainly Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus), the fungus with one of the most diverse range of substratum adaptability for growth and is ubiquitously found in a variety of food commodities such as, cereals, nuts, spices and herbs. The second reason is that the main route of exposure is through the diet, and this toxin can cause disease, even if the meat of an animal is consumed, which was fed on aflatoxin contaminated feed. Depending upon the type of exposure, humans can develop acute aflatoxicosis or chronic alfatoxicosis, which is essentially long-term aflatoxin exposure and is linked to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. On the other hand, acute aflatoxicosis is characterized by one time high dose of aflatoxin contaminated diet, causing hemorrhagic necrosis of the liver, bile duct proliferation, edema and lethargy, which subsequently damages the liver and further leads to death. In this book we have discussed the topics aflatoxin biosynthesis, aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds, aflatoxicosis in human and animals. It is an attempt to understand and manage the occurrence of human and animal exposure to aflatoxin.

Attempts to provide an overview of the various components of industrial fermentation process, mainly focusing on various types of fermentations products and the basic steps in a typical fermentation process. With contributions from a global group of eminent academics and industry experts, this book is certain to pave the way for new innovations in the exploitation of microorganisms for the benefit of mankind, an integration of the studies with a singular aim to improve the quality and quantity of the product.

This book is an attempts to provide an overview of the various components of industrial enzyme production process and purification of enzymes, followed by enzyme applications. Commercial enzyme production has grown from the traditional natural microbial sources utilization in either submerged or solid state fermentation to a vast range of products in response to ever expanding markets and increasing demand for novel biocatalysts. Microorganisms constitute the major source of genetically modified organisms for recombinant enzymes production, but several enzymes are also obtained from animal and plant expression systems. Traditional enzyme production relied on the natural hosts as raw materials, for screening of enzyme producing microorganisms, most commonly from soil. After isolation of such a microbial source, the enzyme is produced in bulk in fermentation process, followed by the downstream processing of the enzyme to get high concentration of pure enzyme. The desired level of purity is dependent upon the ultimate applicability and use of the enzyme. The applicability of enzymes in solution and in immobilized conditions is discussed in the book.